The fundamentals of astrophysics are applied to galaxies and the objects contained therein. Topics include galaxy formation and evolution, the Milky Way, galaxy scaling relations, stellar populations, morphology and kinematics, clusters and dark matter halos, and the interstellar and circumgalactic media. In addition, we cover some of the basic numerical methods commonly used in astronomy, such as interpolation, numerical integration, and curve-fitting, and apply them to observational and theoretical problems. |